Question: For $\vec{F}(\vec{r})=\vec{r}$, find the flux on the surface of a sphere of radius $a$, oriented outward.
Solution: The easiest way to do this is to recall that $d\vec{A}=\vec{n}dA$. We have
\[\int_S\vec{F}\cdot d\vec{A}=\int_S\vec{F}\cdot\vec{n} dA=a\int_S dA\]
since the vectors $\vec{F}$ and $\vec{n}$ are parallel, with $\vec{n}$ being a unit vector (and hence the dot product is simply the magnitude of $\vec{F}$). Thus, we have
\[a\int_S dA=4\pi a^3.\]
Replacement Question: State something objectively coherent about Gauss’ Law.
Answer: I’ll accept a lot of answers here, but what I’m looking for is something along the lines of “electric flux on the surface of a closed object is proportional to the charge contained in the interior of the surface.” If you mumble something about Faraday cages, I’ll give it to you.